Analysis of the thickness of conjunctival autograft in pterygium surgery with the Moscovici dissection technique compared with manual dissection / Análise da espessura do autoenxerto conjuntival na cirurgia de pterígio com a técnica de dissecção de Moscovici comparada com a dissecção manual

ABSTRACT Objective Compare the thickness of conjunctival autografts in pterygium surgery using the Moscovici dissection technique with manual dissection and assess the difficulty of the techniques. Methods In this randomized clinical trial, 30 eyes of 30 patients undergoing pterygium surgery were divided into the Moscovici Dissection Technique Group and the Manual Dissection Group. The patients were treated at the Hospital Oftalmológico Visão Laser (Santos, São Paulo, Brazil). Optical coherence tomography was performed to measure graft thickness three months postoperatively. Three images were obtained from each eye, and three measurements were taken at a distance of 1.5mm perpendicular to the limbus in each capture. The surgeon graded the difficulty of obtaining the graft with the technique performed from one (lowest difficulty) to four (highest difficulty). Results We found statistically significant difference between the difficulty of the two techniques and the mean conjunctival autograft thickness in the two groups (p=0.01 e p=0.05, respectively). The average difficulty rating for the Moscovici Dissection Technique Group (Air Group) was 1.47, while that for the Manual Dissection Group (MD group) was 2.20. The mean thickness of the three measurements was 252µ in the Air Group and 298µ in the MD Group, with medians of 250µ and 278µ, respectively. Conclusion Our study showed that the Moscovici technique results in thinner grafts and can be performed with greater surgical ease.

RESUMO Objetivo Comparar a espessura de autoenxertos conjuntivais em cirurgia de pterígio utilizando a técnica de dissecção de Moscovici com a de dissecção manual e avaliar a dificuldade das técnicas. Métodos Neste ensaio clínico randomizado, 30 olhos de 30 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de pterígio foram divididos em um Grupo de Técnica de Dissecção de Moscovici e um Grupo de Dissecção Manual. Os pacientes foram tratados e avaliados no Hospital Oftalmológico Visão Laser (Santos, São Paulo, Brasil). A tomografia de coerência óptica foi realizada para medir a espessura do enxerto 3 meses após a cirurgia. Três imagens foram obtidas de cada olho, e três medidas foram realizadas a uma distância de 1,5mm perpendicular ao limbo em cada captura. O cirurgião classificou a dificuldade de obtenção do enxerto com a técnica realizada de um (menor dificuldade) para quatro (maior dificuldade). Resultados Encontramos diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre a dificuldade das duas técnicas e a espessura média do autoenxerto conjuntival nos dois grupos (p=0,01 e p=0,05, respectivamente). A classificação média de dificuldade para o Grupo de Técnica de Dissecção de Moscovici foi de 1,47, enquanto a do Grupo de Dissecção Manual foi de 2,20. A espessura média das três medidas foi de 252μ no Grupo de Técnica de Dissecção de Moscovici e de 298μ no Grupo de Dissecção Manual, com medianas de 250μ e 278μ, respectivamente. Conclusão Nosso estudo mostrou que a técnica de Moscovici resulta em enxertos mais finos e pode ser realizada com maior facilidade cirúrgica.

Clinical and autofluorescence findings in eyes with pinguecula and pterygium

Purpose: To assess the autofluorescence size and properties of pterygium and pinguecula by anterior segment autofluorescence (AS-AF) imaging and demonstrate the difference of autofluorescence size presented in AS-AF imaging compared to the extend size of the conjunctival lesion measured by anterior segment slit-lamp photography (AS-SLE). Methods: Twenty-five patients with primary pterygium and twenty-five with pinguecula were included in the study. In addition, 25 normal subjects were also enrolled as the control group. The AS-AF characteristics of pterygium and pinguecula lesions were analyzed. The size of lesions displayed in the AS-SLE photography versus the AS-AF images were also compared. AS-AF images were obtained using a Heidelberg retina angiograph which focused on the anterior segment. AS-SLE photography was acquired using a digital imaging system (BX900 HAAG STREIT). Results: There were 44 (58.7%) male and 31 (41.3%) female patients; 19 (76%) and 20 (80%) patients had bilateral pterygium and pinguecula, respectively. All pinguecula lesions reflected hyperautofluorescence pattern in the AS-AF imaging. In 24 (96%) patients, the hyperautofluoresecence pattern was larger than the size of the clinical lesions displayed with the AS-SLE photography. Twenty-one (84%) patients with pterygium reflected a hyperautofluorescence pattern in AS-AF images; in one (4%) patient, the hyperautofluorescence pattern was larger than the clinical lesion size and four (16%) patients had no autofluorescence patterns in the AS-AF images. In the control group, in 14 (56%) subjects, a hypoautofluorescent pattern was revealed in the conjunctiva in AS-AF images. However, in 11 (44%) patients, hyperautofluorescence patterns were detected. Conclusion: AS-AF is a useful modality to monitor vascularization in conjunctival lesions. Pingueculae and pterygium show hyperautofluorescence in AS-AF imaging. The real size of the pinguecula lesions may be estimated with AS-AF characteristics, mostly presenting larger than the area size in AS-SLE photography. The autofluorescence size of the pterygium is smaller than the extent of visible pterygium in slit-lamp photography.

Exérese de pterígio em paciente pós-LASIK com técnica de air bubble / Pterygium surgery with air bubble technique in a post-LASIK patient

RESUMO O pterígio é uma das doenças que mais acomete a superfície ocular, principalmente em regiões próximas ao Equador. Ocorre principalmente em adultos jovens, podendo ocasionar sintomas, danos estéticos e ópticos. Relata-se um caso de exérese de pterígio classificado pela extensão corneana em grau II e, pela vascularização, em grau 2 de Tan, com cirurgia prévia de LASIK, a partir de uma nova técnica, a técnica de Moscovici, a qual fundamenta-se na dissecção com bolha de ar, com a finalidade de separar o epitélio conjuntival do estroma profundo e da Tenon, com maior facilidade e rapidez e para obter enxertos finos.

ABSTRACT Pterygium is one of the diseases that most affect the ocular surface, especially in regions close to the equator. It mainly affects young adults and can cause symptoms, as well as aesthetic and optical impairment. We report a case of pterygium excision classified by grade II corneal extension and Tan grade 2 vascularization with previous laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery, using a new technique, the Moscovici technique, which is based on dissection with an air bubble to separate easier and faster the conjunctival epithelium from the deep stroma and the Tenon, obtaining thinner grafts.

Pterygium surgery with conjunctival limbal autograft in an eye clinic from Villavicencio, Colombia / Cirurgia de pterígio com autoenxerto conjuntival em uma clínica de oftalmologia em Villavicencio, Colômbia

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe results of pterygium surgery at Clínica de Cirurgía Ocular Villavicencio, in Meta, Colombia. Methods: A retrospective analysis of pterygium surgeries performed between January 2017 and December 2019. Results: Approximately 1,200 records were reviewed, and 1,200 procedures included. The most frequent complications were corneal Dellen, pterygium recurrence, graft retraction and pyogenic granuloma (7.5%, 2.5%, 3% and 0.75% respectively). These were identified within the first 6 months of surgery. Conclusion: Pterygium surgery using conjunctival autografts is an effective technique, with low recurrence rates and very few complications.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os resultados da cirurgia de pterígio na Clínica de Cirurgía Ocular Villavicencio, Meta, Colômbia. Métodos: Análise retrospectiva de cirurgias de pterígio realizadas entre janeiro de 2017 e dezembro de 2019. Resultados: Aproximadamente 1.200 prontuários foram revisados e 1.200 procedimentos foram incluídos. As complicações mais frequentes foram o Dellen corneano, a recorrência do pterígio, a retração do enxerto e o piogranuloma (7,5%, 2,5%, 3% e 0,75%, respectivamente). Essas complicações foram identificadas nos primeiros 6 meses após a cirurgia. Conclusão: A cirurgia de pterígio pela técnica de autoenxerto conjuntival é um procedimento eficaz, com baixos índices de recorrência e poucas complicações.

Tarsoconjunctival flap in scleral necrosis: report of three cases / Retalho tarsoconjuntival em necrose escleral: relato de três casos

ABSTRACT To report a series of three cases (four eyes) of scleral necrosis after pterygium excision, in which the tarsoconjunctival flap technique was used as treatment. Three patients who progressed to scleral necrosis after surgical pterygium excision were selected. The first patient underwent excision using the bare sclera technique and developed scleral thinning in the immediate postoperative period. The second and third patients received beta irradiation and had late onset scleral necrosis. The tarsoconjunctival flap technique was performed by the same surgeon. Recovery was satisfactory from both anatomical and functional perspectives in all cases, and the technique was considered effective and safe. Although there are only few reports about this technique in the literature, it can be considered as a good alternative to treat scleral necrosis.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar uma série de três casos (quatro olhos) de necrose escleral pós-exérese de pterígio, em que se utilizou como tratamento a técnica de retalho tarsoconjuntival. Foram selecionados três pacientes que evoluíram para necrose escleral após tratamento cirúrgico de exérese de pterígio: o primeiro caso após técnica de esclera nua, com evolução para afinamento escleral no pós-operatório imediato; o segundo e o terceiro fizeram uso de betaterapia e apresentaram necrose escleral tardiamente. A técnica de recobrimento tarsoconjuntival foi executada pelo mesmo cirurgião. A recuperação foi satisfatória em todos os casos, do ponto de vista anatômico e funcional, sendo eficiente e segura. Apesar das escassas menções na literatura, essa técnica pode ser considerada uma boa alternativa para tratamento da necrose escleral.

Expression of Vitamin D Receptor and Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms (BsmI, FokI, and TaqI) in Patients with Pterygium / Expressão do gene do receptor da vitamina D e de seus polimorfismos (BsmI, FokI e TaqI) em pacientes com pterígio

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study aimed to determine the role of vitamin D receptor in the pathogenesis of pterygium. The vitamin D receptor eexpression levels in pterygium tissue, blood vitamin D levels, and frequency of selected vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms (BsmI, FokI, and TaqI) were compared between patients with pterygium and healthy participants. Methods: The study included patients with pterygiumeee (n=50) and healthy volunteers (n=50). The serum vitamin D levels were measured for both groups. Immunohistochemical staining for vitamin D receptor ewas performed on sections obtained from the pterygium and adjacent healthy conjunctival tissues of the same individuals. The genomic existence of vitamin D receptor epolymorphisms (BsmI, FokI, and TaqI) were analyzed in DNA obtained from venous blood of participants using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. Results: There was no difference found between the serum vitamin D levels of patients with pterygium and healthy controls. However, tissue expression of vitamin D receptor was higher in the pterygium endothelial cells of micro-vessels (p=0.002), subepithelial stromal (p=0.04), and intravascular inflammatory cells (p=0.0001), in comparison with the adjacent healthy conjunctival tissue. Moreover, while the BBtt haplotype was 2-fold higher, the bbTt haplotype was 2.5-fold lower, and the BbTT haplotype was 2.25-fold lower in the control group than in the pterygium group (p<0.001). Conclusions: Vitamin D serum levels did not differ between the healthy and pterygium groups. Vitamin D receptor expression was increased in the pterygium tissue versus the adjacent healthy tissue. However, vitamin D receptor polymorphism analysis in patients with pterygium did not reveal any significant difference in BsmI, FokI, or TaqI polymorphisms in comparison with the healthy volunteers.(AU)

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar o papel do receptor da vitamina D na patogênese do pterígio. Os níveis de expressão do receptor da vitamina D no tecido do pterígio, os níveis sanguíneos de vitamina D e a frequência de alguns polimorfismos do gene do receptor da vitamina D (BsmI, FokI e TaqI) foram comparados entre pacientes com pterígio e participantes saudáveis. Métodos: Foram incluídos pacientes com pterígio (n=50) e voluntários saudáveis (n=50). Os níveis séricos de vitamina D foram medidos em ambos os grupos. Foi feita uma coloração imuno-histoquímica para o receptor da vitamina D em cortes obtidos do pterígio e dos tecidos conjuntivais saudáveis adjacentes dos mesmos indivíduos. A existência de polimorfismos do receptor da vitamina D (BsmI, FokI e TaqI) no genoma foi analisada em DNA obtido do sangue venoso dos participantes, usando métodos de Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) e RFLP. Resultados: Não foi observada nenhuma diferença entre os níveis séricos de vitamina D dos pacientes com pterígio e os dos controles saudáveis. Entretanto, a expressão tissular do receptor da vitamina D foi maior nas células endoteliais dos microvasos do pterígio (p=0,002), nas células estromais sub-epiteliais (p=0,04) e nas células inflamatórias intravasculares (p=0,0001), quando comparada à expressão no tecido conjuntival saudável adjacente. Além disso, embora o haplótipo BBtt tenha sido duas vezes mais frequente, o haplótipo bbTt foi 2,5 vezes menos frequente e o haplótipo BbTT foi 2,25 vezes menos frequente no grupo de controle do que no grupo com pterígio (p<0,001). Conclusões: Os níveis séricos de vitamina D não apresentaram diferenças entre o grupo de pessoas saudáveis e o com pterígio. A expressão do receptor da vitamina D mostrou-se maior no grupo com pterígio do que no tecido saudável adjacente. Entretanto, a análise dos polimorfismos do receptor da vitamina D nos pacientes com pterígio não revelou qualquer diferença significativa nos polimorfismos BsmI, FokI ou TaqI em comparação com os voluntários saudáveis.(AU)

Uso de la topografía corneal en pacientes operados de pterigión para el mejoramiento del desempeño profesional / Use of the corneal topography for a better professional training in patients with pterigion surgery

Introducción: La operación de pterigión se exige como habilidad desde el primer año de residencia y la evaluación topográfica es clave para evaluar las modificaciones corneales y perfeccionar las habilidades clinicoquirúrgicas de los cirujanos en formación. Objetivo: Determinar las modificaciones corneales en pacientes operados de pterigión en el Centro Oftalmológico de Santiago de Cuba. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo y transversal de 53 pacientes operados de pterigión en el Centro Oftalmológico de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 2019 hasta igual mes de 2021, a los cuales se les evaluó topográficamente antes y después de la intervención quirúrgica. Resultados: Predominaron el sexo femenino (60,4 %), el grupo etario de 40-49 años (5,8 %), el grado II de la enfermedad (43,4 %) y el astigmatismo inducido como complicación más frecuente (33,9 %). El poder corneal promedio sufrió variación de 43,25D a 45,75D y el astigmatismo topográfico descendió de 4,75 a 3,55 D. Conclusiones: Con el uso de la topografía se comprobó que existen modificaciones corneales importantes derivadas de la invasión del pterigión en la córnea y de la manipulación quirúrgica.

Introduction: Pterigium surgery is demanded as a skill in the first year of the residency and the topographical evaluation is a key element to evaluate corneal modifications and to improve clinical -surgical skill of training surgeons. Objective: To determine the corneal modifications in patients with pterigium surgery in the Ophthalmological Center from Santiago de Cuba, from January 2019 to the same month in 2021, in whom a topographical evaluation was carried out before and after the surgical procedure. Results: Female sex (60.4 %), age group 40-49 (5.8 %), the disease grade II (43.4 %) and induced astigmatism as the most frequent complication (33.9 %) predominated. Average corneal power suffered a variation of 43.25 D and 45.75 and the topographical astismatism decreased from 4.75 to 3.55 D. Conclusions: With the use of topography it was proven that there are corneal modifications derived from pterigium invasion to the cornea and from the surgical manipulation.

Recurrent pterygium resection associated to fibrin membrane graft: report of two cases / Resseção do pterígio recorrente associada ao enxerto de membrana fibrina: relato de dois casos

ABSTRACT We propose a novel surgical technique in cases of aggressive recurrent pterygium non-subsidiary of treatment with conjunctival autografts or antimetabolites. Two presented cases were treated with surgical excision and a sutured plasma rich in growth factors membrane (mPRGF) followed by rich in growth factors (PRGF) eye drops treatment. After surgery, dexamethasone, tobramycin and PRGF eye drops were prescribed for 6 weeks. After a 12-month and 3-year post-surgical follow-up respectively, treated eyes with mPRGF did not present relapse, and visual acuity improved in both cases. No ocular complications, pain, eye discomfort nor other symptoms were observed. The combined use of PRGF eye drops and mPRGF seems an effective and safe therapy for recurrent pterygium.

RESUMO Nós propomos uma nova técnica cirúrgica em casos de pterígio agressivo recorrente não subsidiário de tratamento com autoenxertos conjuntivais ou antimetabólitos. Dois casos foram tratados com excisão cirúrgica e um plasma suturado rico em membrana de fatores de crescimento (mPRGF), seguido de tratamento com colírios ricos em fatores de crescimento (PRGF). Após a cirurgia, foram prescritos colírios de dexametasona, tobramicina e PRGF por 6 semanas. Após 12 meses e 3 anos de acompanhamento pós-cirúrgico respectivamente, os olhos tratados com mPRGF não apresentaram recidiva e a acuidade visual melhorou nos dois casos. Não foram observadas complicações oculares, dor, desconforto ocular ou outros sintomas. O uso combinado de colírios de PRGF e mPRGF parece uma terapia eficaz e segura para o pterígio recorrente.

Estudo comparativo da inibição da proliferação de fibroblastos in vitro na conjuntiva utilizando mitomicina C e ciclofosfamida / Comparative study of inhibition of fibroblasts proliferation in vitro in the conjunctiva using mitomycin and ciclophosphamide

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a inibição da proliferação de fibroblastos in vitro das conjuntivas obtidas através de exérese de pterígios de pacientes utilizando mitomicina C (MMC) e ciclofosfamida (CF). Métodos: Os pterígios foram retirados de 7 pacientes e submetidos a cultivo celular. Após o cultivo, 3 fragmentos de dimensões iguais deste material foram colhidos de áreas adjacentes do pterígio removido de cada paciente. Eles foram randomicamente selecionados de tal forma que: um fragmento de cada paciente foi exposto: ao meio de cultura (grupo controle), a MMC e a CF por igual período de tempo nas concentrações de 0,4 mg/ml e 10 mg/ml respectivamente. Após este período realizou-se a contagem celular de fibroblastos destes 3 grupos. Cada grupo continha 7 fragmentos. Resultados: Com a utilização da MMC tivemos uma taxa de 95% da inibição da proliferação dos fibroblastos, enquanto com a CF 100%. Conclusões: Ambas as drogas apresentaram elevada taxa da inibição da proliferação de fibroblastos, porém a CF apresentou inibição maior que a MMC.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the inhibition of fibroblast proliferation in vitro of conjunctiva obtained by excision of pterygium from patients using mitomycin (MMC) and cyclophosphamide (CF). Methods: Pterygiums were removed from 7 patients and subjected to cell culture. After cell cultivation, 3 fragments of equal dimensions of these tissues were collected from adjacent areas of each patient removed pterygium. They were randomly selected in such a way that one fragment of each patient was exposed to: the culture medium (group control), to MMC and to CF for an equal period of time at concentrations of 0,4 mg/dl and 10 mg/dl respectively. After this period, the fibroblast cell count of these groups were performed. Each group had seven fragments. Results: With the use of MMC we had a 95% rate of inhibition of fibroblast proliferation, while with CF 100%. Conclusion: Both drugs showed a high rate of inhibition of fibroblast proliferation, but CF showed greater inhibition than MMC.

Synchronous eyelid oncocytoma and conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia

Oncocytoma of the eyelid is a rare neoplasm. Oncocytoma associated with an ocular surface squamous neoplasm, namely conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia, is very hard to find in the literature. Herein we report a case of a 53-year-old male who presented with a swelling in the right lower lid over the last 6 years, along with a growth in the conjunctiva of the same eye for the last 2 years and encroaching upon the cornea for the last 4 months. Excision biopsy of the lower lid mass showed histopathological features consistent with oncocytoma. The conjunctival tissue revealed conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia 3 (severe dysplasia). This case documents a rare synchronous dual ocular neoplasia, a very unlikely coexistence of oncocytoma with conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia.

Cambios refractivos y de agudeza visual en pacientes pre y post quirúrgicos de Pterigión / Refractive and visual acuity changes in pre- and post-surgical patients with Pterygium / Mudanças refrativos e de acuidade visual em pacientes pré e pós cirúrgicos de Pterigión

El tratamiento quirúrgico del pterigión es uno de los procedimientos más realizados en la consulta oftalmológica, aunque con frecuencia conlleva molestias y cambios en la agudeza visual. OBJETIVO: evidenciar si existen cambios en cuanto a agudeza visual y su ametropía, en pacientes diagnosticados con pterigión intervenidos quirúrgicamente, en la ciudad de Quito. METODO: se trata de un estudio observacional longitudinal que incluyó 161 pacientes. Se comparó agudeza visual y ametropía antes y 15 días después de la intervención quirúrgica. RESULTADOS: la mayor parte de los pacientes fue de género femenino (n = 118, 73%) tuvo entre 30 y 59 años (n = 127, 79%), presentó pterigión grado III (n = 113, 70%) y fue intervenido del ojo derecho (n = 89, 55%). La agudeza visual de los pacientes mejoró ligeramente. El número de pacientes con agudeza visual 20/20 aumentó de 68 (42%) a 72 (45%). Se observó además una disminución en el número de pacientes con agudeza visual 20/350, 20/200, 20/100, 20/80, 20/60 y 20/50. No hubo cambios en el número de pacientes amétropes que se mantuvo en 69 (43%). Tanto el número de personas con astigmatismo miópico compuesto, como con astigmatismo mixto eje contra la regla disminuyeron de 11 (7%) a 8 (5%) y de 24 (15%) a 16 (10%), respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: tanto la agudeza visual como la ametropía de pacientes con pterigión mejoran ligeramente después de recibir tratamiento quirúrgico.

The surgical treatment of the pterygium is one of the most performed procedures in the ophthalmologic consultation, although it often involves discomfort and changes in visual acuity. OBJECTIVE: to show if there are changes in visual acuity and its ametropia, in patients diagnosed with surgically intervened pterygium, in the city of Quito. METHOD: This is a longitudinal observational study that included 161 patients. Visual acuity and ametropia were compared before and 15 days after surgery. RESULTS: most of the patients were female (n = 118, 73%), were between 30 and 59 years old (n = 127, 79%), presented grade III pterygium (n = 113, 70%) and was operated on the right eye (n = 89, 55%). The visual acuity of the patients improved slightly. The number of patients with visual acuity 20/20 increased from 68 (42%) to 72 (45%). There was also a decrease in the number of patients with visual acuity 20/350, 20/200, 20/100, 20/80, 20/60 and 20/50. There were no changes in the number of ametropic patients that remained in 69 (43%). Both the number of people with compound myopic astigmatism, and with mixed astigmatism axis against the rule decreased from 11 (7%) to 8 (5%) and from 24 (15%) to 16 (10%), respectively. CONCLUSION: both visual acuity and ametropia of patients with pterygium improve slightly after receiving surgical treatment.

O tratamento cirúrgico do pterigion é um dos procedimentos mais realizados na consulta oftalmológica, embora frequentemente implique transtornos e mudanças na acuidade visual. OBJETIVO: evidenciar se existem mudanças quanto à acuidade visual e sua ametropia, em pacientes diagnosticados com pterigion, operados cirurgicamente, na cidade de Quito. MÉTODO: é um estudo longitudinal observacional que incluiu 161 pacientes. Foi comparada acuidade visual e ametropia antes e 15 dias depois da intervenção cirúrgica. RESULTADOS: a maior parte dos pacientes foi de gênero feminino (n = 118, 73%) teve entre 30 e 59 anos (n = 127, 79%), apresentou pterigião grau III (n = 113, 70%) e foi operado do olho direito (n = 89, 55%). A acuidade visual dos pacientes melhorou ligeiramente. O número de pacientes com acuidade visual 20/20 aumentou de 68 (42%) para 72 (45%). Observou-se também uma diminuição no número de pacientes com acuidade visual 20/350, 20/200, 20/100, 20/80, 20/60 e 20/50. Não houve mudanças no número de pacientes amétropes que se manteve em 69 (43%). Tanto o número de pessoas com astigmatismo miópico composto, como com astigmatismo misto eixo contra a regra diminuíram de 11 (7%) para 8 (5%) e de 24 (15%) para 16 (10%), respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: tanto a acuidade visual quanto a ametropia de pacientes com pterigião melhoram ligeiramente depois de receber tratamento cirúrgico.

Frequency of conjunctival epithelial dysplasia in patients with pterygium / Incidência de displasia do epitélio conjuntival em pacientes com diagnóstico de pterígio

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine the frequency of ocular squamous surface neoplasia associated with pterygium in an ophthalmology reference center in Central Mexico. Methods: We reviewed histopathological reports and slides of all patients who underwent pterygium surgery from 2014 to 2016 at the Instituto Mexicano de Oftalmologia in Queretaro (Mexico). Results: We studied 177 biopsy samples; 66% were from women, and the median age was 52 years. We found ocular squamous surface neoplasias in 11.29% (n=20) of the samples. One biopsy sample revealed a poorly differentiated keratinizing and infiltrating carcinoma. Conclusions: The prevalence of ocular squamous surface neoplasia in our region appears to be high. Countrywide studies are necessary to determine the true prevalence of ocular squamous surface neoplasia in Mexico and to examine related risk factors.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a frequência de neoplasia escamosa da superfície ocular associada ao pterígio com apresentação clínica, em um centro de referência em Oftalmologia da região central do México. Métodos: Revisamos os laudos histopatológicos e as lâminas de biópsia de todos os pacientes que foram submetidos à cirurgia de pterígio de 2014 a 2016 no Instituto Mexicano de Oftalmologia, na cidade de Querétaro. Resultados: Estudamos 177 amostras de biópsia; 66% eram de pacientes do sexo feminino, sendo a mediana da idade de 52 anos. Encontramos neoplasia escamosa da superfície ocular em 11,29% (n=20). Uma amostra de biópsia mostrou um carcinoma queratinizante infiltrativo pouco diferenciado. Conclusões: A prevalência da neoplasia escamosa da superfície ocular nessa região parece ser maior do que a indicada por outras pesquisas. Mais estudos de âmbito nacional são necessários para determinar a verdadeira prevalência da neoplasia escamosa da superfície ocular no México e examinar os fatores de risco relacionados.

Pterigión recidivante y sus alternativas terapéuticas / Recurrent pterygium and its therapeutic alternatives

RESUMEN El pterigión se trata de un crecimiento fibrovascular de morfología triangular que se extiende desde la conjuntiva hacia la córnea. Está clasificado dentro de las degeneraciones no involutivas o tumoraciones epiteliales benignas corneales y se presenta en el 10,2 por ciento de la población. El tratamiento quirúrgico es el más indicado, y tiene una tasa de recidiva independientemente de la técnica quirúrgica utilizada del 10,7 por ciento; esta tasa de recidiva se evidencia por la neovascularización y el tejido cicatrizal antes de los dos meses después de la cirugía. Lo anterior ha incentivado la investigación de nuevos tratamientos que disminuyan esta complicación, por lo que el objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica fue la búsqueda de alternativas terapéuticas para el pterigión recidivante. Se realizó una búsqueda automatizada sobre el tema, utilizando la plataforma Infomed, cuya información fue resumida para la elaboración del informe final. Concluimos que existen diferentes tratamientos adyuvantes para disminuir la tasa de recurrencia, y es necesario realizar estudios donde se determine el tiempo y la frecuencia en la aplicación de estos para obtener resultados más efectivos en su uso(AU)

ABSTRACT Pterygium is a fibrovascular growth of triangular shape that extends from the conjunctiva to the cornea. It has been classified as a noninvolutionary degeneration or benign corneal epithelial tumor which affects 10.2 percent of the population. The treatment most commonly indicated is surgery, which has a recurrence rate of 10.7 percent, irrespective of the surgical technique used. Recurrence takes the form of neovascularization and scar tissue within two months after surgery. This has fostered research into new treatments to reduce this complication. The objective of the present bibliographic review was precisely to search for therapeutic alternatives for recurrent pterygium. An automated search was conducted about the topic on the platform Infomed. Data were summarized to write the final report. We concluded that there are several adjuvant treatments to reduce recurrence, and it is necessary to carry out studies determining the time and frequency of their application to obtain more effective results(AU)

Carnitine analysis in pterygium / Análise de carnitina no pterígio

ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of the present study was to measure the free carnitine and acylcarnitine levels in pterygium tissue and normal conjunctival tissue at the metabolomics level using tandem mass spectrometry. Methods: In this prospective, clinical randomized study, pterygium tissues and normal conjunctival tissues taken during pterygium excision with autograft were compared regarding their free carnitine and acylcarnitine profiles. After tissue homogenization, carnitine levels were measured using tandem mass spectrometry. The data were statistically analyzed with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: Pterygium and normal conjunctival tissue samples from a single eye of 29 patients (16 females, 13 males; mean age, 54.75 ± 11.25 years [range, 21-78 years]) were evaluated. While the free carnitine (C0) level was significantly high in the pterygium tissue (p<0.001), acylcarnitine levels were significantly high in some esterized derivatives (C2, C5, C5:1, C5DC, C16:1, C18, methylglutarylcarnitine) (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was determined for the other esterized derivatives (p>0.05). Conclusion: That the carnitine levels in pterygium tissue were higher suggests that acceleration of cell metabolism developed secondary to chronic inflammation and the premalignant characteristics of pterygium tissue. High carnitine levels may also effectively suppress the apoptosis process. The data reported in our study indicate that further, more extensive studies of the carnitine profile could help clarify the pathogenesis of pterygium.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi medir os níveis de carnitina livre e acil-carnitina a nível metabolómico com espectrometria de massa em tandem no tecido do pterígio e no tecido conjuntivo normal. Método: Neste estudo prospetivo, clínico e aleatório, os tecidos de pterígio e os tecidos normais de conjuntiva, retirados durante a cirurgia de pterígio com autoenxerto, foram comparados em relação ao perfil de carnitina livre e de acil-carnitina. Após a homogeneização dos tecidos, os níveis de carnitina foram medidos por espectrometria de massa em tandem. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada com o teste dos postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon. Resultados: A avaliação foi feita através de amostras de tecido pterígio e de conjuntiva normal de um único olho de 29 pacientes (16 mulheres, 13 homens). A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 54,75 ± 11,25 anos (faixa dos 21 aos 78 anos). Enquanto o nível de carnitina livre (C0) foi significativamente elevado no tecido pterígio (p<0,001), os níveis de acil-carnitina foram significativamente elevados em alguns derivados esterificados (C2, C5, C5: 1, C5DC, C16:1, C18, metilglutaril carnitina) (p<0,05). Não foi determinada uma diferença estatisticamen te significante noutros derivados esterificados (p>0,05). Conclusão: Os níveis mais elevados de carnitina no tecido do pterígio sugerem que a aceleração do metabolismo celular se tenha tornado secundária com o efeito da inflamação crónica e o caráter pré-maligno do tecido do pterígio. Os níveis elevados de carnitina também podem ser eficazes na supressão do processo de apoptose. Os dados obtidos no estudo indicam que estudos mais extensivos do perfil da carnitina contribuiriam para o esclarecimento da patogénese do pterígio.

Pterygium surgeries at a tertiary hospital, southwest Nigeria: a four-year review

Background: Over the years several pterygium surgical techniques have been developed with the aim of having the least possible recurrence rate. This has been from bare sclera excision which had an unacceptable recurrence rate to the current use of conjunctiva autograft with or without various adjuncts. This study was to review the current practice in a typical multi-specialist ophthalmic department. Method: The ophthalmic theatre operating register was retrospectively reviewed to obtain information on all patients who had pterygium excision at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, over a 4-year period from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2017. Results: A total of 324 pterygium surgeries were performed and final analysis was on 249 (76.9%) surgeries which met the inclusion criteria, male to female ratio of 0.96:1. The commonest surgical technique was excision + 5-Flourouracil (5FU) + conjunctival autograft accounting for 187(75.1%) eyes. In total, postoperative recurrence was recorded in 40 (16.1%) eyes. The subgroup of excision + 5FU + autograft had the least recurrence rate of 18 (9.6%) eyes. Conclusion: A significant majority of the excision was with conjunctiva autograft with an acceptable low recurrence rate compared with most studies

Nationwide Cross-sectional Study of Association between Pterygium and Alkaline Phosphatase in a Population from Korea

PURPOSE: We determined whether elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was related to prevalence, location, type, length, and recurrence of pterygium in a population from the Republic of Korea.METHODS: A nationwide cross-sectional dataset, the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008–2011), was used in this study. All participants were > 30 years of age and underwent the ALP test and ophthalmic evaluation (n = 22,359). One-way analysis of variance, the chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test were used to compare characteristics and outcomes among participants. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the possible associations between serum ALP levels and various types of pterygium. Data were adjusted for known risk factors for development of pterygium and ALP elevation (age, sex, residence, sunlight exposure, drinking, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, BMI, AST, ALT, vitamin D, and HDL).RESULTS: The overall prevalence of pterygium was 8.1%, and participants with pterygium had higher levels of serum ALP (p < 0.001). Participants with higher serum ALP had a significantly higher prevalence of all types of pterygium than those in the lower serum ALP quartiles. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that ALP was associated with the prevalence of pterygium (odds ratio [OR], 1.001; p = 0.038). Trend analysis between the OR and ALP quartiles revealed a linear trend in overall prevalence and in the intermediate type of pterygium. Subgroup analysis revealed a stronger correlation in participants > 50 years of age. One-way analysis of variance revealed an association between the size of pterygium and serum ALP quartile levels. Serum ALP was not associated with recurrence of pterygium.CONCLUSIONS: Increased serum ALP was associated with the prevalence and size of pterygium.

Recurrence and Complication Rates among Current Pterygium Treatment Techniques: Pre-operative Subpterygeal Mitomycin-C Injection, Intraoperative Mitomycin C Application and Pterygium Excision with Conjunctival Autograft

Objective@#This study aims to determine recurrence and complication rates among patients who underwent three current pterygium treatment techniques: preoperative subpterygeal injection of mitomycin C, intraoperative application of mitomycin with pterygium excision and pterygium excision with conjunctival autograft. @*Methods@#This is a randomized controlled clinical trial in a tertiary hospital. We included patients with diagnosed primary pterygium and who underwent either: A = pre-operative injection of 0.02% mitomycin C one month prior to pterygium excision; B = pterygium excision with intraoperative mitomycin C application; or C = pterygium excision with conjunctival autograft. @*Results@#We included 111 patients: a total of 120 eyes randomized to 3 groups (A, B, C) at 40 eyes per group. After 24 months of follow-up, there was no significant difference in the recurrence rates among the groups (6/40 [15%] in groups A and B and 2/40 cases [5%] in group C; P=0.29). No complications were noted in groups B and C, while 1 case of scleral thinning was noted in group A. There was no significant difference in the complication rates among the three procedures (P=1.00).@*Conclusion@#There were no significant differences in the recurrence and complication rates among the three techniques. Careful patient selection and follow-up are recommended to prevent complications such as scleral thinning.